diff --git a/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrationv2/prepo/indexes.go b/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrationv2/prepo/indexes.go
index 3d9126a0..dd9523de 100644
--- a/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrationv2/prepo/indexes.go
+++ b/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrationv2/prepo/indexes.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ func requiredIndexes() []*indexDefinition {
 			Keys: []ri.Key{
 				{Field: "paymentRef", Sort: ri.Asc},
 			},
+			Unique: true,
 		},
 		{
 			Keys: []ri.Key{
diff --git a/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrationv2/prepo/service_test.go b/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrationv2/prepo/service_test.go
index a5370604..fc504b3b 100644
--- a/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrationv2/prepo/service_test.go
+++ b/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrationv2/prepo/service_test.go
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func TestNewWithStore_EnsuresRequiredIndexes(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	assertIndex(t, store.indexes[0], []string{"organizationRef", "paymentRef"}, true)
-	assertIndex(t, store.indexes[1], []string{"paymentRef"}, false)
+	assertIndex(t, store.indexes[1], []string{"paymentRef"}, true)
 	assertIndex(t, store.indexes[2], []string{"organizationRef", "idempotencyKey"}, true)
 	assertIndex(t, store.indexes[3], []string{"organizationRef", "quotationRef", "createdAt"}, false)
 	assertIndex(t, store.indexes[4], []string{"organizationRef", "state", "createdAt"}, false)
diff --git a/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrator/external_runtime.go b/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrator/external_runtime.go
index 053a3aae..6bebc067 100644
--- a/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrator/external_runtime.go
+++ b/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrator/external_runtime.go
@@ -472,6 +472,25 @@ func (s *Service) pollObserveCandidate(ctx context.Context, payment *agg.Payment
 }
 
 func (s *Service) resolveObserveGateway(ctx context.Context, payment *agg.Payment, candidate runningObserveCandidate) (*model.GatewayInstanceDescriptor, error) {
+	if gatewayID := strings.TrimSpace(candidate.gatewayInstanceID); gatewayID != "" {
+		items, err := s.gatewayRegistry.List(ctx)
+		if err == nil {
+			for i := range items {
+				item := items[i]
+				if item == nil || !item.IsEnabled {
+					continue
+				}
+				if !strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(item.ID), gatewayID) && !strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(item.InstanceID), gatewayID) {
+					continue
+				}
+				if strings.TrimSpace(item.InvokeURI) == "" {
+					continue
+				}
+				return item, nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	executor := gatewayCryptoExecutor{
 		gatewayRegistry: s.gatewayRegistry,
 	}
diff --git a/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrator/external_runtime_test.go b/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrator/external_runtime_test.go
index 3edb11f1..6c253042 100644
--- a/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrator/external_runtime_test.go
+++ b/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrator/external_runtime_test.go
@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tech/sendico/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrationv2/erecon"
 	"github.com/tech/sendico/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrationv2/prepo"
 	"github.com/tech/sendico/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrationv2/psvc"
+	"github.com/tech/sendico/payments/storage/model"
 	pm "github.com/tech/sendico/pkg/model"
 	"github.com/tech/sendico/pkg/payments/rail"
+	paymenttypes "github.com/tech/sendico/pkg/payments/types"
 	chainv1 "github.com/tech/sendico/pkg/proto/gateway/chain/v1"
 	orchestrationv2 "github.com/tech/sendico/pkg/proto/payments/orchestration/v2"
 	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2/bson"
@@ -271,5 +273,59 @@ func TestRunningObserveCandidates(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestResolveObserveGateway_UsesExternalRefGatewayInstanceAcrossRails(t *testing.T) {
+	svc := &Service{
+		gatewayRegistry: &fakeGatewayRegistry{
+			items: []*model.GatewayInstanceDescriptor{
+				{
+					ID:         "payment_gateway_settlement",
+					InstanceID: "payment_gateway_settlement",
+					Rail:       model.RailProviderSettlement,
+					InvokeURI:  "grpc://tgsettle-gateway",
+					IsEnabled:  true,
+				},
+				{
+					ID:         "crypto_rail_gateway_tron_nile",
+					InstanceID: "crypto_rail_gateway_tron_nile",
+					Rail:       model.RailCrypto,
+					InvokeURI:  "grpc://tron-gateway",
+					IsEnabled:  true,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	payment := &agg.Payment{
+		QuoteSnapshot: &model.PaymentQuoteSnapshot{
+			Route: &paymenttypes.QuoteRouteSpecification{
+				Hops: []*paymenttypes.QuoteRouteHop{
+					{
+						Index:      1,
+						Rail:       "CRYPTO",
+						Gateway:    "crypto_rail_gateway_tron_nile",
+						InstanceID: "crypto_rail_gateway_tron_nile",
+						Role:       paymenttypes.QuoteRouteHopRoleSource,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	gateway, err := svc.resolveObserveGateway(context.Background(), payment, runningObserveCandidate{
+		stepRef:           "hop_2_settlement_observe",
+		transferRef:       "trf-1",
+		gatewayInstanceID: "payment_gateway_settlement",
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("resolveObserveGateway returned error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if gateway == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected gateway")
+	}
+	if got, want := gateway.ID, "payment_gateway_settlement"; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("gateway id mismatch: got=%q want=%q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
 var _ prepo.Repository = (*fakeExternalRuntimeRepo)(nil)
 var _ psvc.Service = (*fakeExternalRuntimeV2)(nil)
diff --git a/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrator/service_v2.go b/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrator/service_v2.go
index 47b8ece2..03ed9a66 100644
--- a/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrator/service_v2.go
+++ b/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrator/service_v2.go
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ func newOrchestrationV2Service(logger mlogger.Logger, repo storage.Repository, r
 		return nil, nil, merrors.Internal("No repo for orchestrator v2 provided")
 	}
 
-	paymentRepo := buildPaymentRepositoryV2(repo, logger)
-	if paymentRepo == nil {
-		logger.Error("Orchestration v2 disabled: database not available")
+	paymentRepo, err := buildPaymentRepositoryV2(repo, logger)
+	if paymentRepo == nil || err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Orchestration v2 disabled: database not available", zap.Error(err))
 		return nil, nil, merrors.Internal("database is not available")
 	}
 
@@ -81,37 +81,39 @@ func buildOrchestrationV2Executors(logger mlogger.Logger, runtimeDeps v2RuntimeD
 		gatewayRegistry:       runtimeDeps.GatewayRegistry,
 		cardGatewayRoutes:     cloneCardGatewayRoutes(runtimeDeps.CardGatewayRoutes),
 	}
+	providerSettlementExecutor := &gatewayProviderSettlementExecutor{
+		gatewayInvokeResolver: runtimeDeps.GatewayInvokeResolver,
+		gatewayRegistry:       runtimeDeps.GatewayRegistry,
+	}
 	guardExecutor := &gatewayGuardExecutor{
 		logger:                execLogger.Named("guard"),
 		gatewayInvokeResolver: runtimeDeps.GatewayInvokeResolver,
 		gatewayRegistry:       runtimeDeps.GatewayRegistry,
 	}
 	return psvc.NewDefaultExecutors(execLogger, sexec.Dependencies{
-		Crypto: cryptoExecutor,
-		Guard:  guardExecutor,
+		Crypto:             cryptoExecutor,
+		ProviderSettlement: providerSettlementExecutor,
+		Guard:              guardExecutor,
 	})
 }
 
-func buildPaymentRepositoryV2(repo storage.Repository, logger mlogger.Logger) prepo.Repository {
+func buildPaymentRepositoryV2(repo storage.Repository, logger mlogger.Logger) (prepo.Repository, error) {
 	if repo == nil {
-		return nil
+		return nil, merrors.InvalidArgument("repo must be provided")
 	}
 	provider, ok := repo.(v2MongoDBProvider)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil
+		return nil, merrors.Internal("Failed to fetch correct repository interface")
 	}
 	db := provider.MongoDatabase()
 	if db == nil {
-		return nil
+		return nil, merrors.Internal("Failed to fetch database")
 	}
 	paymentRepo, err := prepo.NewMongo(
 		db.Collection(mservice.Payments),
 		prepo.Dependencies{Logger: logger},
 	)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return paymentRepo
+	return paymentRepo, err
 }
 
 type v2GRPCServer struct {
diff --git a/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrator/settlement_executor.go b/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrator/settlement_executor.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0490787f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrator/settlement_executor.go
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+package orchestrator
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/tech/sendico/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrationv2/agg"
+	"github.com/tech/sendico/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrationv2/sexec"
+	"github.com/tech/sendico/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrationv2/xplan"
+	"github.com/tech/sendico/payments/storage/model"
+	"github.com/tech/sendico/pkg/merrors"
+	moneyv1 "github.com/tech/sendico/pkg/proto/common/money/v1"
+	chainv1 "github.com/tech/sendico/pkg/proto/gateway/chain/v1"
+)
+
+const (
+	settlementMetadataQuoteRef    = "quote_ref"
+	settlementMetadataOutgoingLeg = "outgoing_leg"
+)
+
+type gatewayProviderSettlementExecutor struct {
+	gatewayInvokeResolver GatewayInvokeResolver
+	gatewayRegistry       GatewayRegistry
+}
+
+func (e *gatewayProviderSettlementExecutor) ExecuteProviderSettlement(ctx context.Context, req sexec.StepRequest) (*sexec.ExecuteOutput, error) {
+	if req.Payment == nil {
+		return nil, merrors.InvalidArgument("settlement fx_convert: payment is required")
+	}
+	if model.ParseRailOperation(string(req.Step.Action)) != model.RailOperationFXConvert {
+		return nil, merrors.InvalidArgument("settlement fx_convert: unsupported action")
+	}
+
+	gateway, err := e.resolveGateway(ctx, req.Step)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	client, err := e.gatewayInvokeResolver.Resolve(ctx, gateway.InvokeURI)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	sourceWalletRef, err := sourceManagedWalletRef(req.Payment)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	destination := &chainv1.TransferDestination{
+		Destination: &chainv1.TransferDestination_ManagedWalletRef{
+			ManagedWalletRef: sourceWalletRef,
+		},
+	}
+
+	amount, err := settlementAmount(req.Payment)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	stepRef := strings.TrimSpace(req.Step.StepRef)
+	operationRef := strings.TrimSpace(req.Payment.PaymentRef) + ":" + stepRef
+	idempotencyKey := strings.TrimSpace(req.Payment.IdempotencyKey)
+	if idempotencyKey == "" {
+		idempotencyKey = operationRef
+	}
+	idempotencyKey += ":" + stepRef
+
+	resp, err := client.SubmitTransfer(ctx, &chainv1.SubmitTransferRequest{
+		IdempotencyKey:  idempotencyKey,
+		OrganizationRef: req.Payment.OrganizationRef.Hex(),
+		SourceWalletRef: sourceWalletRef,
+		Destination:     destination,
+		Amount:          amount,
+		OperationRef:    operationRef,
+		IntentRef:       strings.TrimSpace(req.Payment.IntentSnapshot.Ref),
+		PaymentRef:      strings.TrimSpace(req.Payment.PaymentRef),
+		Metadata:        settlementTransferMetadata(req.Payment, req.Step),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if resp == nil || resp.GetTransfer() == nil {
+		return nil, merrors.Internal("settlement fx_convert: transfer response is missing")
+	}
+
+	step := req.StepExecution
+	refs, refsErr := transferExternalRefs(resp.GetTransfer(), firstNonEmpty(
+		strings.TrimSpace(req.Step.InstanceID),
+		strings.TrimSpace(gateway.InstanceID),
+		strings.TrimSpace(req.Step.Gateway),
+		strings.TrimSpace(gateway.ID),
+	))
+	if refsErr != nil {
+		return nil, refsErr
+	}
+	step.ExternalRefs = refs
+	step.State = agg.StepStateCompleted
+	step.FailureCode = ""
+	step.FailureMsg = ""
+	return &sexec.ExecuteOutput{StepExecution: step}, nil
+}
+
+func (e *gatewayProviderSettlementExecutor) resolveGateway(ctx context.Context, step xplan.Step) (*model.GatewayInstanceDescriptor, error) {
+	if e.gatewayRegistry == nil {
+		return nil, merrors.InvalidArgument("settlement fx_convert: gateway registry is required")
+	}
+	items, err := e.gatewayRegistry.List(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	stepGateway := strings.TrimSpace(step.Gateway)
+	stepInstance := strings.TrimSpace(step.InstanceID)
+
+	var byInstance *model.GatewayInstanceDescriptor
+	var byGateway *model.GatewayInstanceDescriptor
+	var single *model.GatewayInstanceDescriptor
+	settlementCount := 0
+	for i := range items {
+		item := items[i]
+		if item == nil || model.ParseRail(string(item.Rail)) != model.RailProviderSettlement || !item.IsEnabled {
+			continue
+		}
+		settlementCount++
+		single = item
+		if stepInstance != "" && (strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(item.InstanceID), stepInstance) || strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(item.ID), stepInstance)) {
+			byInstance = item
+			break
+		}
+		if stepGateway != "" && (strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(item.ID), stepGateway) || strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(item.InstanceID), stepGateway)) {
+			byGateway = item
+		}
+	}
+	switch {
+	case byInstance != nil:
+		if strings.TrimSpace(byInstance.InvokeURI) == "" {
+			return nil, merrors.InvalidArgument("settlement fx_convert: gateway invoke uri is missing")
+		}
+		return byInstance, nil
+	case byGateway != nil:
+		if strings.TrimSpace(byGateway.InvokeURI) == "" {
+			return nil, merrors.InvalidArgument("settlement fx_convert: gateway invoke uri is missing")
+		}
+		return byGateway, nil
+	case stepGateway == "" && stepInstance == "" && settlementCount == 1:
+		if strings.TrimSpace(single.InvokeURI) == "" {
+			return nil, merrors.InvalidArgument("settlement fx_convert: gateway invoke uri is missing")
+		}
+		return single, nil
+	default:
+		return nil, merrors.InvalidArgument("settlement fx_convert: gateway instance not found")
+	}
+}
+
+func settlementAmount(payment *agg.Payment) (*moneyv1.Money, error) {
+	if payment == nil {
+		return nil, merrors.InvalidArgument("settlement fx_convert: payment is required")
+	}
+
+	money := sourceAmountForSettlement(payment)
+	if money == nil {
+		return nil, merrors.InvalidArgument("settlement fx_convert: debit amount is required")
+	}
+	amount := strings.TrimSpace(money.Amount)
+	currency := strings.TrimSpace(money.Currency)
+	if amount == "" || currency == "" {
+		return nil, merrors.InvalidArgument("settlement fx_convert: debit amount is invalid")
+	}
+	return &moneyv1.Money{
+		Amount:   amount,
+		Currency: currency,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func sourceAmountForSettlement(payment *agg.Payment) *moneyv1.Money {
+	if payment != nil && payment.QuoteSnapshot != nil && payment.QuoteSnapshot.DebitAmount != nil {
+		return &moneyv1.Money{
+			Amount:   strings.TrimSpace(payment.QuoteSnapshot.DebitAmount.Amount),
+			Currency: strings.TrimSpace(payment.QuoteSnapshot.DebitAmount.Currency),
+		}
+	}
+	if payment != nil && payment.IntentSnapshot.Amount != nil {
+		return &moneyv1.Money{
+			Amount:   strings.TrimSpace(payment.IntentSnapshot.Amount.Amount),
+			Currency: strings.TrimSpace(payment.IntentSnapshot.Amount.Currency),
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func settlementTransferMetadata(payment *agg.Payment, step xplan.Step) map[string]string {
+	out := transferMetadata(step)
+	if out == nil {
+		out = map[string]string{}
+	}
+	if payment != nil {
+		if quoteRef := firstNonEmpty(
+			strings.TrimSpace(payment.QuotationRef),
+			strings.TrimSpace(quoteRefFromSnapshot(payment.QuoteSnapshot)),
+		); quoteRef != "" {
+			out[settlementMetadataQuoteRef] = quoteRef
+		}
+	}
+	if outgoingLeg := strings.TrimSpace(string(step.Rail)); outgoingLeg != "" {
+		out[settlementMetadataOutgoingLeg] = outgoingLeg
+	}
+	if len(out) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func quoteRefFromSnapshot(snapshot *model.PaymentQuoteSnapshot) string {
+	if snapshot == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return strings.TrimSpace(snapshot.QuoteRef)
+}
+
+var _ sexec.ProviderSettlementExecutor = (*gatewayProviderSettlementExecutor)(nil)
diff --git a/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrator/settlement_executor_test.go b/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrator/settlement_executor_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1d6cf0c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrator/settlement_executor_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+package orchestrator
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	chainclient "github.com/tech/sendico/gateway/chain/client"
+	"github.com/tech/sendico/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrationv2/agg"
+	"github.com/tech/sendico/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrationv2/erecon"
+	"github.com/tech/sendico/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrationv2/sexec"
+	"github.com/tech/sendico/payments/orchestrator/internal/service/orchestrationv2/xplan"
+	"github.com/tech/sendico/payments/storage/model"
+	pm "github.com/tech/sendico/pkg/model"
+	paymenttypes "github.com/tech/sendico/pkg/payments/types"
+	chainv1 "github.com/tech/sendico/pkg/proto/gateway/chain/v1"
+	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2/bson"
+)
+
+func TestGatewayProviderSettlementExecutor_ExecuteProviderSettlement_SubmitsTransfer(t *testing.T) {
+	orgID := bson.NewObjectID()
+
+	var submitReq *chainv1.SubmitTransferRequest
+	client := &chainclient.Fake{
+		SubmitTransferFn: func(_ context.Context, req *chainv1.SubmitTransferRequest) (*chainv1.SubmitTransferResponse, error) {
+			submitReq = req
+			return &chainv1.SubmitTransferResponse{
+				Transfer: &chainv1.Transfer{
+					TransferRef:  "trf-settlement-1",
+					OperationRef: "op-settlement-1",
+				},
+			}, nil
+		},
+	}
+	resolver := &fakeGatewayInvokeResolver{client: client}
+	registry := &fakeGatewayRegistry{
+		items: []*model.GatewayInstanceDescriptor{
+			{
+				ID:         "payment_gateway_settlement",
+				InstanceID: "payment_gateway_settlement",
+				Rail:       model.RailProviderSettlement,
+				InvokeURI:  "grpc://tgsettle-gateway",
+				IsEnabled:  true,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	executor := &gatewayProviderSettlementExecutor{
+		gatewayInvokeResolver: resolver,
+		gatewayRegistry:       registry,
+	}
+
+	req := sexec.StepRequest{
+		Payment: &agg.Payment{
+			OrganizationBoundBase: pm.OrganizationBoundBase{OrganizationRef: orgID},
+			PaymentRef:            "payment-1",
+			IdempotencyKey:        "idem-1",
+			QuotationRef:          "quote-1",
+			IntentSnapshot: model.PaymentIntent{
+				Ref: "intent-1",
+				Source: model.PaymentEndpoint{
+					Type: model.EndpointTypeManagedWallet,
+					ManagedWallet: &model.ManagedWalletEndpoint{
+						ManagedWalletRef: "wallet-src",
+					},
+				},
+				Destination: model.PaymentEndpoint{
+					Type: model.EndpointTypeCard,
+					Card: &model.CardEndpoint{Pan: "4111111111111111"},
+				},
+				Amount: &paymenttypes.Money{Amount: "1", Currency: "USDT"},
+			},
+			QuoteSnapshot: &model.PaymentQuoteSnapshot{
+				DebitAmount:              &paymenttypes.Money{Amount: "1.000000", Currency: "USDT"},
+				ExpectedSettlementAmount: &paymenttypes.Money{Amount: "76.63", Currency: "RUB"},
+				QuoteRef:                 "quote-1",
+			},
+		},
+		Step: xplan.Step{
+			StepRef:    "hop_2_settlement_fx_convert",
+			StepCode:   "hop.2.settlement.fx_convert",
+			Action:     model.RailOperationFXConvert,
+			Rail:       model.RailProviderSettlement,
+			Gateway:    "payment_gateway_settlement",
+			InstanceID: "payment_gateway_settlement",
+		},
+		StepExecution: agg.StepExecution{
+			StepRef:  "hop_2_settlement_fx_convert",
+			StepCode: "hop.2.settlement.fx_convert",
+			Attempt:  1,
+		},
+	}
+
+	out, err := executor.ExecuteProviderSettlement(context.Background(), req)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ExecuteProviderSettlement returned error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if out == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected output")
+	}
+	if out.StepExecution.State != agg.StepStateCompleted {
+		t.Fatalf("expected completed state, got=%q", out.StepExecution.State)
+	}
+	if submitReq == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected transfer submission request")
+	}
+	if got, want := resolver.lastInvokeURI, "grpc://tgsettle-gateway"; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("invoke uri mismatch: got=%q want=%q", got, want)
+	}
+	if got, want := submitReq.GetSourceWalletRef(), "wallet-src"; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("source wallet mismatch: got=%q want=%q", got, want)
+	}
+	if got, want := submitReq.GetDestination().GetManagedWalletRef(), "wallet-src"; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("destination mismatch: got=%q want=%q", got, want)
+	}
+	if got, want := submitReq.GetAmount().GetAmount(), "1.000000"; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("amount mismatch: got=%q want=%q", got, want)
+	}
+	if got, want := submitReq.GetAmount().GetCurrency(), "USDT"; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("currency mismatch: got=%q want=%q", got, want)
+	}
+	if got, want := submitReq.GetMetadata()[settlementMetadataQuoteRef], "quote-1"; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("quote_ref metadata mismatch: got=%q want=%q", got, want)
+	}
+	if got, want := submitReq.GetMetadata()[settlementMetadataOutgoingLeg], string(model.RailProviderSettlement); got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("outgoing_leg metadata mismatch: got=%q want=%q", got, want)
+	}
+	if len(out.StepExecution.ExternalRefs) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected two external refs, got=%d", len(out.StepExecution.ExternalRefs))
+	}
+	if out.StepExecution.ExternalRefs[0].Kind != erecon.ExternalRefKindOperation {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected first external ref kind: %q", out.StepExecution.ExternalRefs[0].Kind)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGatewayProviderSettlementExecutor_ExecuteProviderSettlement_MissingSettlementAmount(t *testing.T) {
+	orgID := bson.NewObjectID()
+
+	executor := &gatewayProviderSettlementExecutor{
+		gatewayInvokeResolver: &fakeGatewayInvokeResolver{
+			client: &chainclient.Fake{},
+		},
+		gatewayRegistry: &fakeGatewayRegistry{
+			items: []*model.GatewayInstanceDescriptor{
+				{
+					ID:         "payment_gateway_settlement",
+					InstanceID: "payment_gateway_settlement",
+					Rail:       model.RailProviderSettlement,
+					InvokeURI:  "grpc://tgsettle-gateway",
+					IsEnabled:  true,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	_, err := executor.ExecuteProviderSettlement(context.Background(), sexec.StepRequest{
+		Payment: &agg.Payment{
+			OrganizationBoundBase: pm.OrganizationBoundBase{OrganizationRef: orgID},
+			PaymentRef:            "payment-2",
+			IdempotencyKey:        "idem-2",
+			IntentSnapshot: model.PaymentIntent{
+				Ref: "intent-2",
+				Source: model.PaymentEndpoint{
+					Type: model.EndpointTypeManagedWallet,
+					ManagedWallet: &model.ManagedWalletEndpoint{
+						ManagedWalletRef: "wallet-src",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			QuoteSnapshot: nil,
+		},
+		Step: xplan.Step{
+			StepRef:    "hop_2_settlement_fx_convert",
+			StepCode:   "hop.2.settlement.fx_convert",
+			Action:     model.RailOperationFXConvert,
+			Rail:       model.RailProviderSettlement,
+			Gateway:    "payment_gateway_settlement",
+			InstanceID: "payment_gateway_settlement",
+		},
+		StepExecution: agg.StepExecution{
+			StepRef:  "hop_2_settlement_fx_convert",
+			StepCode: "hop.2.settlement.fx_convert",
+			Attempt:  1,
+		},
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "debit amount is required") {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+}